The Great Gun Control Debate Essay - 1389 Words

Since its creation the firearm has served as man’s best means of self preservation, has helped in the expansion of frontiers, and has served to help many, including Americans, to secure and enforce their rights and maintain democracy. Even today our military uses firepower to prevent the spread of tyranny throughout the world. We refer to our troops as â€Å"armed forces† and the necessity of maintaining our firepower has been recognized throughout the human history, which the firearm has helped to shape. The founding fathers of this nation recognized the necessity of arming the average citizen to protect the rights so dearly purchased through armed revolution, and it was these men, all veterans of that revolution, that made it part of our†¦show more content†¦In Great Britain, for instance, the crime rate jumped almost forty percent following that nation’s gun ban and seizure (BBC News par. 1). The research that was commissioned by the Countryside Allia nce’s Campaign for Shooting showed that the law only affected the legitimate gun owners rather than criminals themselves (par. 2). The ban was put into effect due to the Hamilton Massacre when a man by the name of Thomas Hamilton walked into a primary school and left sixteen children and teachers dead (par. 3). The Centre for Defense Studies at Kings College in London, which carried out the research, said that the number of crimes in which a handgun was reported increased from 2,648 in 1997-98 to 3,685 in 1999-200 (par. 5). It also said that there was no link between high levels of gun crime and areas where there were still high levels of lawful gun possession (par. 6). These same people use the argument that only the police should be armed and are our protectors. But how many times have the police been at the scene of a gun crime before it happened? One pro-gun advocate, Otis McDonald from Chicago, Illinois, is a 78-yaer-old retired maintenance engineer. He and his wife live alone in their Chicago home since their three children grew and moved away. Even with their burglar alarms tied into the police department, McDonald and his wife don’t feel safe in their neighborhood since the two armed robberies that occurred at theirShow MoreRelatedAn Informative Essay on Gun Control1289 Words   |  5 Pages Due date Informative Essay on Gun Control Introduction The right to possess guns is a fundamental element to American identity. The right to own and operate guns under certain circumstances is in fact guaranteed as part of the United States Constitution. Over the course of American history and particularly in the 21st century, there exists a great debate over the possession of guns of private citizens. Both sides of the debate argue with fervor. There are those that argue fervently forRead MoreGun Rights And Gun Control994 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent times, gun control is becoming a social issue in the US after the many incidents or accident happened related to the gun owner’s kill’s people at the social places. Gun rights means the every person have right to take or carry guns for their self protection is created controversial issue related to criminal justice that needed the requirement for the gun control to stop people from killing each other. Moreover, on 2 Dec, 2015, two suspects those opened fire in a California social serviceRead MoreEssay on Both Sides of Gun Control in the United States1442 Words   |  6 PagesUsually when people think about guns they think about crime. But are the two really related? Do guns really lead to crime? And if they do, do laws that restrict firearm ownership and the use of guns stop the crime or protect people? These are the questions many politicians are asking themselves when creating gun control laws. The debate over gun control is nothing new. As you can see this debate still goes on today and is the cause for the beginning of gun control laws. Guns are extremely powerful weaponsRead MoreGun Control : Argumentative Essay Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages100 3 November, 2014 Gun Control: Argumentative Essay The gun control debate is a good example that justifies the common known mantra that history will always repeat itself. Gun control is a regulation put forward with an aim of managing the purchase and ownership of firearms with the main aim being to reduce the criminal and unsafe use of firearms. The gun control measures involve strategies such as registration of firearms aimed at restricting the ownership of guns by people proved to beRead MoreEssay on The Gun Control Debate865 Words   |  4 Pagesstrict gun control policy: if theres a gun around, I want to be in control of it. -- Clint Eastwood Gun control has a history dating back to 1791, when the Second Amendment of the Constitution was ratified. However, more recently, the debate over gun control has escalated into a much more public issue to which many citizens can relate. After all, stories about incidents involving guns appear frequently today in newspapers and on television or the radio. One could say that the debate startedRead MoreCriminals Do Not Obey Gun Control Laws Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagesnot Obey Gun Control Laws In America, the average amount of people shot per year is 100,000; over ten thousand defenseless people are murdered. The Second Amendment’s proclamation that â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† has been an extensive topic of debate. Moreover, the amendment has been one of many debates over the several years throughout America. The discussion of gun control is oftenRead MoreThe Gardens Of Democracy By Eric Liu And Nick Hanauer1443 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics, political system, or social, environmental or other issues as determined by the voting public. In Eric Liu and Nick Hanauer’s book The Gardens of Democracy (2011), it states that â€Å"the failure of American politics to address and solve the great challenges of our time such as climate change and shriveling of the middle class is not just a failure of will or nerve, but it is equally a fai lure of ideas and understanding† (Pages 5-6). Some political issues might also become important for theRead MoreNo More Gun Control Needed1281 Words   |  6 PagesNo More Gun Control Needed The debate of whether or not the government should ban the sell of guns, and attempt to remove all guns in existence has been debated for a long period of time; I believe that banning guns is not only implausible, it will do more harm than good. In this essay, I’ll be discussing the history of this debate, as well as discuss some misinformation that’s been proposed by those wishing to ban guns. I’ll also discuss how guns do not turn ordinary, law abiding citizens intoRead MoreGuns : The Root Of All Violence?1678 Words   |  7 PagesGUNS: THE ROOT OF ALL VIOLENCE? The United States has fought many wars in its history and continues to fight at home. Although there has not been an actual war in our mainland since the American Civil War of 1861, our longest war has been within our communities and laws, an enduring war against guns and its violence. The noise of gunshots may sound different in a military warzone between nations, radical groups or in a civil war; however, a similar outcome subsists, the loss of lives caused by manRead MoreA Well Regulated Militi The Founding Fathers And The Origins Of Gun Control1472 Words   |  6 PagesOrigins of Gun Control in America By Saul Cornell Introduction The Second Amendment remains one of the most controversial pieces of legislation in the contemporary America. The onset of the controversy regarding gun ownership rights can be traced back to the nineteenth century. Some of the major events that shaped the debate on gun ownership include Shay’s Rebellion and the dispute between federalists and anti-federalists. Slavery and the abolition movement also shaped the debate on gun ownership

The Three Families in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee...

Harper Lee’s Novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird and the Contrasts between three different families In Harpers Lee’s novel To Kill A Mockingbird, Lee has created three unique families. The Ewell’s were a family who lived like slavish animals, a perfect t mold of a stereotyped redneck. The Cunninghams too, are a poor family but they are very proud, much like a farmer type of stereotype who never took anything that they could not repay. The Finches are the most distinct and well respected by the whole town of Maycomb and have lived their life according to a code of values that they apply equally to everyone. Having said this, the Ewells, the Cunninghams and the Finches were three very distinct families with a differing code of†¦show more content†¦Conversely to this, Burris was never noticed at school but when he was noticed by the students and they started talking to him he would beam with pride. He also was rude and insulting witch he would have learned from his father as he has no mother. As said by little Chuck (pg 27) â€Å"he’s a mean one, a hard down mean one† witch suggests his father to be an abusive man and a drunk recording the family’s actions throughout the novel and the timeline. Coming from Atticus’ point of view the Ewells have certain privileges that allow them to do things others can not because the kids would die of starvation or worse if they did not have them. As much as Atticus hates the Ewells, he does not want the kids to suffer more than they have to and mealy explains that â€Å"The Ewells had been the disgrace of Maycomb for 3 generations†. The fact remains that through the novel one will see the Ewells in a trapped vortex of hate and anguish as they struggle to get by, each becoming more like the father and growing farther apart from society no matter how much they desire to be a part of it. Concluding the fact, the Cunninghams were another set of folks in Maycomb with a distinct set of values. To the rest of Maycomb the Cunninghams are viewed as a very self sufficient family. Though they are very poor they always pay back what they owe, and never ask of anything in return. Despite the fact that the Cunninghams pay back what they own in supplies, they areShow MoreRelatedThe Historical Events Found in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee682 Words   |  3 PagesThe use of events in novels from history is not uncommon. Harper Lee does this in her historical fiction novel, To Kill A Mockingbird. The setting of the book is the 1930s, because this was an important decade of change for America. Harper Lee utilized cultural parallels between important historical events and ideas in To Kill A Mockingbird to show the hardships of the 1930s that influenced corruption of the human mindset. One of the largest, and most crippling events of the 1930s was the GreatRead MoreThe, The Gray Ghost, By Harper Lee1366 Words   |  6 PagesCompleting the Puzzle Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel about a young girl growing up in the racist South, tests one’s ethics and delves into some of the more profound human principles. The story of Maycomb, a sleepy Southern town, is rooted with the values, lessons, and symbolism of Harper Lee. Throughout the novel Harper Lee pays attention to even the smallest details, making sure that all writing has a purpose. That said, there are three books that Harper Lee mentions: Ivanhoe, The GrayRead MoreTheme Of Nature In To Kill A Mockingbird1394 Words   |  6 Pagesmessage to life. As shown in To Kill a Mockingbird, nature and various aspects of humanity are associated in the form of a mockingbird. As it relates to the novel, A mockingbird represents a commonality of an understood sin. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is well known, classic novel originally published in 1960. Though the novel was written in a different time span, its plot vividly details and expresses the events, emotions, and issues during the 1930s. Lee isolated her novel’s setting toRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesown. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestly. Even though money was not as much of a problem for her family as it was forRead MoreHarper Lee Was Born In 1926 In Monroe, Alabama, A Village1071 Words   |  5 PagesHarper Lee was born in 1926 in Monroe, Alabama, a village that is still her home. She attended local schools and the University of Alabama. Before she started writing she lived in New York. In New York she worked in the reservations department of an international airline. She is a winner of Pulitzer Prize, two honoray degree and other literaray awards. Other than writings Lee s chief interest are nineteenth century literature, eighteenth Century music, politics, travelling and spending time withRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1248 Words   |  5 PagesrRealistic fFiction novels because it helps the reader understand what the author is trying to convey. In this novel with the title To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee used that to her own advantage;, the techniques in this book were very clear to the eye and it helped the reader more to understand the part that they were reading. In the book To Kill A Mockingbird the story is about a little girl named Scout who lives in the south in a little town called Maycomb, Alabama and during the Great DepressionRead More The Life of Nelle Harper Lee Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesThe Life of Nelle Harper Lee On April 28, 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born to Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. Along with her siblings, Alice, Louise, and Edwin, Harper was educated in Monroeville Public Schools before going on to attend Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama. After a year at Huntingdon, Lee decided to follow in the footsteps of her father and began studying law at the University of Alabama in 1945 [2]. She left there to study abroad at OxfordRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1713 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"‘...Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit ‘em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† (Lee 119). After having read most of the book, I now see that this is a significant and meaningful symbol in the novel. It represents innocence, like that of Tom Robinson s. In Harper Lee’s book, To Kill a Mockingbird, which is based upon a true story, Tom Robinson, a man accused of rape, Scout Finch, a tomboy and la wyer’s daughter that observes occurrences in Maycomb, resists racist commentsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Theme Analysis1398 Words   |  6 PagesScout, the protagonist in To Kill A Mockingbird, is one of those characters. Scout and several other characters in the novel lose their innocence as they begin to see the prejudice and racism of the 1930’s South. All of these characters were innocent and unaware of what Maycomb was, and their innocence was taken away from them because of that. In To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee relates the theme of growing up and loss of innocence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the ways Harper Lee relates to the   theme is throughRead MoreThe Life Of An American Literary Icon1206 Words   |  5 Pagesone kind of folks. Folks (Lee 304). Harper Lee is one of America s most famous and beloved writers of her time. She has inspired people with her unique down-to-earth writing voice and her presentation of the rawness of people and life in general. Because of Harper Lee, America has learned to appreciate the differences in others from ourselves because you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view (Lee 39). Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926

Intestinal Cell Proliferation and Differentiation - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIntestinal Cell Proliferation and Differentiationfor Tyrosine. Answer: Intestinal cell proliferation Several growth factors mediate the process of proliferation that triggers cells to enter cell cycle. Proliferation of the mucosal cells is needed to maintain the integrity of the gastrointestinal system. The EFGR gene sends instruction for production of the Epidermal growth factor receptor protein, which promotes cell proliferation. It is atransmembrane protein and is activated by specific ligand binding. Upon activation, EGFR undergoes dimerization, which stimulates tyrosine kinase activity. The tyrosine residues get autophosphorylated and activate downstream signaling of other pathways and promote proliferation. Receptor tyrosine kinase also influences the activity of insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 encoded by the IGFR1 and IGFR2 genes respectively. Binding of ligand activates the receptor tyrosine kinase, autophosphoryaltion initiates intracellular signalling and activates the Akt and Ras MAPK pathway (Waseem et al. 2014). This increases proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. KL F4 or Krupple like factor 4 is a zinc-finger transcription factor, involved in regulation ofproliferation. KLF4 is expressed in non-dividing cells of the intestinal epithelium and maintains homeostasis in these cells.In the intestinal epithelium, it regulates Wnt signaling pathway of genes. Fibroblast growth factors (FGRFR2 and FGFR4) controls intestinal cell proliferation by binding to the receptor tyrosine kinase family. LGR5 promotes proliferation by acceleration of cell cycle. The main effect of high fat diet occurs in the colon, which leads to enhanced cell proliferation. Total lipids in feces are measured by a gravimetric method.Diet rich in saturated fats excerete more lipids. Proliferation of distal colon cell increases as fecal lipids increase (Sakar et al.2014). Intestinal cell differentiation A cell becomes more specialized through the process of differentiation. The EGFR, FGF-2, FGF-4, KLF4, HNF1a are responsible fot influencing the differentiation pathways of intestinal cells. Binding of specific ligands to the receptors encoded by these genes triggers the tyrosine kinsase activity. This activation occurs through dimerization of the receptors. Dimerization is followed by autophosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways like Notch, BMP, Wnt/Wg, Hedgehog (Hh), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and other pathways. Crypt structures and transient amplifying cells were rapidly lost due to block of the -catenin/Wnt signaling (Barker 2014). -Catenin is a cytoplasmic signal-transducer of the canonical Wnt pathway. In the absence of Wnt ligands, -catenin is phosphorylated and degraded. The degradation complex contains the tumor suppressor gene products conductin or axin, APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), casein kinase I (CKI) and glycogen synthase kinase 3. When the Wnt ligand binds to Frizzled transmembrane receptors, Disheveled cytoplasmic protein gets activated. It blocks the function of the degradation complex. -Catenin enters the nucleus and associates with LEF/TCF transcription factors. It induces transcriptional control of the Wnt target genes. Mutations which activate this pathway initiates colorectal cancer. The tumors are manifested by truncated mutation in axin and APC. Recently, several studies have reported that intestinal stem cells get inflamed and their differentiation is directly effected by prolonged consumption of saturated fat diet (Beyaz et al. 2016). References Barker, N., 2014. Adult intestinal stem cells: critical drivers of epithelial homeostasis and regeneration.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology,15(1), p.19. Beyaz, S., Mana, M.D., Roper, J., Kedrin, D., Saadatpour, A., Hong, S.J., Bauer-Rowe, K.E., Xifaras, M.E., Akkad, A., Arias, E. and Pinello, L., 2016. High fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors.Nature,531(7592), p.53. Sakar, Y., Duca, F.A., Langelier, B., Devime, F., Blottiere, H., Delorme, C., Renault, P. and Covasa, M., 2014. Impact of high-fat feeding on basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors controlling enteroendocrine cell differentiation.International journal of obesity,38(11), p.1440. Waseem, T., Duxbury, M., Ashley, S.W. and Robinson, M.K., 2014. Ghrelin promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt pathway and EGFR trans-activation both converging to ERK 1/2 phosphorylation.Peptides,52, pp.113-121.

Leading and Managing People Dynamic Organization

Question: Describe about the Leading and Managing People for Dynamic Organization. Answer: There are several factors which impact the ability to staff an organization appropriately. The staffing process may get affected by internal as well as external factors. Internal factors include promotion policy, future growth plans, use of technology, support from management, and image of an organization. External factors comprise labor laws, socio-economic pressures, competition, and standard of education(Day, 2014). A proper promotional policy with development and career growth prospects attracts efficient people. It raises the motivation and morale of the staff. Future growth affects the staffing process as the requirement of staff would increase with the growth of the organization. The kind of technology used by a company also affects the staffing process. Use of modern technology must be accompanied by continuous and proper training programs so that the employees remain updated with the latest technology. Moreover, the higher authority must support and take care of staffing procedures, transfer policies, promotion, and career development programs. The image of the organization affects staffing largely. Development, job security, work culture, and environment influence the image of an organization (Phillips et al., 2015). External factors like labor laws implemented by the government affect the policy of staffing to a great extent. For instance, if a company wants to abide by the Social equality and Upliftment policy, then it would have to give jobs to reserved classes. Socio-political groups thus widely affect staffing. The most important factor affecting staffing is educational standard and competition. When there is a demand for highly experienced and qualified staff, there rises competition between organizations to recruit efficient staffs. References Day, R. D. (2014).Leading and managing people in the dynamic organization. Psychology Press. Phillips, J. M., Gully, S. M. (2015).Strategic staffing. Pearson.

Prison makes bad people worse Essay Example

Prison makes bad people worse Essay In the UK the prisons have a maximum capacity of 80,000 inmates. At the end of April 2004 the number of people serving custodial sentences rose to above 82,000. The prisons in the UK are currently over capacity. Where are the extra 2000 inmates if there is no room for them? (Johnson 2004) For the purpose of this essay the statement that prison makes bad people worse is assumes to mean that serving a custodial sentence increases the likelihood of an offender re-offending. Before an attempt is made to examine the issue in questions a brief history of the prison system will be explored in an attempt to understand how prison has come to be the most serious method of punishment in the UK today. Prisons as mere places of confinement have existed for many years. Prisons as we know them today-places to which offenders are sent to receive punishment, there also to be worked on and changed-are a feature of modernity, a product of the industrial age. Since the abolition of the death penalty in 1965 imprisonment has been the most serious penalty the courts can impose in Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison makes bad people worse specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Prison makes bad people worse specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Prison makes bad people worse specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The punishment of imprisonment for sentenced prisoners might be both loss of liberty and harsh living conditions in the name of less eligibility or deterrence (Morgan, R 1997). Prior to the nineteenth century punishment for criminals was very different. The focus of punishment in these historic times was the body. Punishments were physical in nature with execution and torture being combined with public humiliation. Within just a few decades the brutal torture and public humiliations stopped. The body was no longer the major target for penal repression. Punishment ceased to be centred on torture as a technique of pain; it assumed as its principle object loss of wealth or rights. While this type of punishment apparently now focuses on the soul rather than the body it could be argued in many ways that imprisonment as a punishment does concern the body in a more indirect manner by rationing of food, sexual deprivation and solitary confinement . This trace of torture is enveloped increasingly, by the non-corporal nature of todays penal system (Foucault 1977). There are different arguments for the reason behind this shift from punishment in a physical manner to imprisonment. An orthodox approach argued that the reason for this was due to humanitarianism a (Portsmouth University 2003). nd reform, a more humane and civilized alternative to the brutality of earlier years Foucault (1977) argued that this was not the case; he believed that the reason for the changes was the defining of a new age, better punishment by operating not on bodies or fear but on the reform of offenders into the disciplined subject. Regardless of Foucaults argument the one factor that underpins punishment in the UK today is Human Rights. The 1998 Human Rights Act sets out a number of conventions which all people have a right to. The Prisons Inspectorate has developed the concept of a Healthy Prison which is based on the World Health Organisations four tests of what constitutes a healthy custodial environment which is based upon international human rights principles. These four tests are: that prisoners are held in safety; that they are treated with respect and dignity as human beings; that they are able to engage in purposeful activity; and that they are prepared for resettlement (Owers, A 2003). Punishment needs justification because it is something which is harmful, painful or unpleasant to the recipient. Prison causes physical discomfort, psychological pain, indignity and general unhappiness along with a number of social disadvantages which lead to offenders becoming socially excluded. There are a number of justifications or theories for punishment. Reductivism justifies punishment on the grounds that it helps to reduce the incidence of crime. It is claimed by supporters of this theory that if punishment is inflicted the incidence of crime will be less then if no punishment were imposed (Cavadino Dignan 1997) These arguments are supported by utilitarianism; a moral theory founded by Jeremy Bentham which stated that the greatest good was defined by the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Society as a whole is given greater weight than the individual (Abercrombie, Hill Turner 1988). Many theories of punishment come under the heading of Reductivism and are assumed to reduce the levels of crime. Deterrence is the idea that crime is reduced because of peoples fear of the punishment they may receive if they offend. Deterrence is divided into two categories, individual deterrence where an individual commits a crime and finds the punishment so unpleasant that the offence is not repeated fro the fear of the same happening again. General deterrence is when the punishment of a crime does not deter the offender who committed it but the crime is meant to put others off from committing the same crime. While it may seem common sense that this would be effective in reality this is not the case. Research has shown that punishment has other effects which out weigh any deterrence. The catching and imprisoning of offenders leads to them being labelled as criminals and this labelling process makes it difficult for them live law abiding lives. Their self image can change from a law abiding one to that of a deviant and this impacts on their behaviour (Cavadino Dignan 1997). It could be said with this evidence in mind that prison makes people worse. Rehabilitation theory is based on the notion that punishment can take a form which will improve an individuals character and behaviour and reduce the likelihood of them re-offending. The main aim of the probation service is the rehabilitation of offenders and the central aim of the prison system is the treatment and training of offenders (Portsmouth University 2003). One of prisons main priorities to assist in the rehabilitation of offenders is the provision of accredited offending behaviour programmes for prisoners which are based on evidence-based practice. Home Office research found no evidence between re-conviction rates for prisoners who had participated in programmes. The study suggested that there has been a shift in programme targeting to low risk offenders who are not suitable for the cognitive-behavioural approaches used. A report by the Social Exclusion Unit demonstrates that any positive effects that come from the offending programmes are far outweighed by the damage that the overall prison experience inflicts (Solomon, E, 2003). Another important point to note about rehabilitation in prison is that offenders who are serving short sentences do not get access to these programmes and it is these offenders who are more likely to get caught in the revolving door of the Criminal Justice System. This evidence does not directly indicate that prison makes bad people worse but neither does it demonstrate that prison can reform bad people. The theory of incapacitation does not centre on the idea that changing the behaviour of the offender will reduce crime but the notion of public protection. Whilst the offender is incarcerated he or she will not be able to commit further crime and this in turn will reduce crime. Along with this is the notion that the members of the public will feel safer knowing that they will not fall victim to a perpetrator who is locked up (Ainsworth 2000). James Q Wilson (1975) stated that a twenty percent reduction in street robbery could be achieved by locking up offenders for longer (Cavadino Dignan 1997). In reality this would result in a massive increase in prison numbers which due to the fact that prisons are already full would be impossible. With retribution theory punishment is an attempt by the victim and society to redress the balance between offenders and offended by seeing that the perpetrator is punished and suffers accordingly. This knowledge that the culprit is suffering may make victims feel that they have had their pound of flesh (Ainsworth 2000). Retribution theory is the opposite of reductionism. Where reductionism looks forward at the effects of punishment retribution looks back at the offence and believes that in some way two wrongs will make a right. In many cases retribution and reductionism are combined in a compromise situation and punishment is justified if it is both deserved by the offender and likely to act as a deterrent (Cavadino Dignan 1997). The justifications for punishment are wide and there are many more than are noted here. Regardless of the justification for sending a person to prison the important factor to be considered is the impact that a custodial sentence has on an individual prisoner. When talking about deterrence as a justification for prison, labelling theory was explored as a possibility for making prisoners more likely to re-offend due to them trying to fit into a role. Expanding this further is the idea of conformity, where an individual conforms to social rules or assumes a role because it is the norm. Social roles are built on a polarity such as powerful and powerless. These kinds of roles exist in the prison setting with the inmates being powerless and the prison officers powerful. An important question that needs to be examined is how easy it is for people to assume a role. A key study was carried out in 1973 by Psychologist Zimbardo which investigated this. Volunteers were recruited to take part in a two week study on prison life. 25 men took part in the study; each person was assigned the role of either prisoner or guard. These roles were assigned by the toss of a coin so that each participant had an equal chance of being prisoner or guard. The mock prison was in the basement of Stanford University. The results of the study were shocking. The prisoners were increasingly passive and dependant as the days went by and the guards became increasingly aggressive. One prisoner had to be release just 36 hours after the study began because of uncontrollable crying and fits of rage along with disorganised thinking and severe depression. Three more prisoners were released on successive days with similar symptoms. A fifth prisoner was released when he developed a rash over his whole body following his parole being rejected. The experiment, which was meant to run for two weeks, had to be stopped after 6 days because of the pathological reactions of the prisoners who had originally been selected for their normality. Throughout the experiment social power was the major dimension. All the guards at some point behaved in abusive, authoritarian way and appeared to enjoy the power and control (Gross 1996). Zimbardo argued that the abnormal behaviour demonstrated is best viewed as a product of transactions within an environment that supports such behaviour. The participants were labelled and put in a situation where these labels became valid and elicit pathological behaviour (Portsmouth University 2003). The main concern with the results of the Zimbardo experiment is the implications that it has for the prison system. Zimbardo believes that the current prison system is guaranteed to generate severe enough pathological reactions is prisoners and guards to debase their humanity, lower their feelings of self-worth and make it difficult for them to be part of society outside of prison (Portsmouth University 2003). This evidence is a clear demonstration of how labelling and conformity theories are evidence for prison making bad people worse. The inmates assume the role expected of them and find it difficult to leave this role when they are released. The work of Zimbardo leads neatly to a sociological idea of a prison subculture or a inmate code. This theory is demonstrated throughout prisons regardless of the justification for punishment. Prison is a society within a society with distinctive structure, aims, values and practices separate from the wider society. The inmate code is something which all prisoners adhere to. The is code includes not informing on other prisoners, not fraternising with staff, a need to be tough and resist exploitation and a need to maintain ones position in the prison pecking order. Violations of these roles are often controlled via bullying (Ireland 2002). This prisonisation process does not help with rehabilitation but acts as a breeding ground which provides reinforcement for criminal behaviour. The inmates become socialized into the way of life which demands opposition to authority and the formal system represented by the prison staff. Any attempts at reform are neutralized by this. According to Sykes (1958) this inmate code is developed to help inmates cope with the pain and deprivation of imprisonment. There is much evidence about the sociology of prison and about the current penal crisis which concerns overcrowding as one of the main factors. The fact of the matter is that prison has a poor record in reducing re-offending 59% of prisoners are reconvicted within 2 years of release. The reconviction rate for male young adults (under 21) over the same period is 74%. For prisoners who are sentenced for burglary, one of the most common offences, the reconviction rate is 75%. It has been concluded by research from the Social Exclusion Unit that re-offending by ex-prisoners costs society at least i 11 billion each year. Ex -prisoners are responsible for approximately one in five recorded crimes (Solomon, E, 2003). This is not direct evidence to suggest that the reason these people have re-offended is because they have served a custodial sentence which has made them worse. The evidence merely raises questions about the use of prison as a punishment for some offences. Prison is the right place for many criminals but the wrong place for others. Those convicted of violent crimes should be given custodial sentences. Prison has an important role to play in protecting the public from those who cause harm and punishing crimes that society takes most seriously. It is also right that there are many offenders who should not be taken into custody when they could be dealt with appropriately in the community. Community penalties allow offender to repay their debt to society rather than warehousing them in prison.

The Color Purple Essays - The Color Purple, Free Essays, Term Papers

The Color Purple Essays - The Color Purple, Free Essays, Term Papers The Color Purple Gender Roles The Color Purple Gender roles play a very important role throughout the Color Purple. Each character in this book are very different from each other. They guide one another through life and help each other figure out who they really are. Sophia and Shug both influence Celie, who is skinny, weak, and dependent of others, and we see her role change throughout the novel. Celie who is weak and submissive strives to be like Shug. Shug's independence and self reliance has a major impact on Celie. Shug teaches Celie to be her own self, and start by introducing Celie to her sexuality although it is with a woman. I dont know nothin bout it, I say to Shug. I dont know much she say. (Walker 118) Shug and Celies relationship progressed, and she learned to stand up for herself as a woman. Over dinner, we watched Celie become an independent woman who stands up against Mr._________ who abuses her and forces her to be his slave. You a lowdown dog is what you is. Whats wrong, I say. Its time to leave you and enter into the Creation. And your dead body is just the welcome mat I need. (207) This is an example that clearly shows Celie has respect for herself, and symbolizes her growth as a human being. Sophia is a strong woman who is willing to sacrifice her life just to be treated equal. She fights hard for it, but is discriminated by Harpo and Mr.___________. She is forced to believe that men are superior, that women exist only to serve men, and have and take care of their children. Not only is Sophia taken advantage of, but Mr.___________ admits that he beats her only because she is a woman. (23) Sophia decides to leave Harpo in seek of a better life which is a big example of her battle for superiority of the female gender in the world.

The Court Decisions and Powers Over Educational Financing Essay

The Court Decisions and Powers Over Educational Financing - Essay Example The disparity in education financing has been the major issue with the judicial system. Legal provisions for equal protection, based on the 14th amendment, have formed the basis of the litigation regarding the finances. According to the clauses, every person is entitled to equal treatment and no disparity should, therefore, exist on education financing (Ryu, 2015). While the courts made significant efforts in enforcing existing laws to regulate educational financing, reforms that the courts initiated had little effects in solving the financing inequality that the society realized. Ryu further argues that court decisions on educational reforms have argued for adequacy of available education and not on financial neutrality. The ineffectiveness in previous courts’ attempt to regulate educational financing suggests a lack of power to implement the decisions and indicate a possible occurrence in future. The change in focus from fiscal neutrality also means possible elimination of t he jurisdiction from the judicial system and suggests that the courts are not likely making decisions on the issue (Ryu, 2015). The Supreme Court decision on fundamentality of education as a constitutional right and the court’s final decision on related cases is another indicator that courts have ceded their power on educational financing and are not likely to make any ruling on a case that seeks to challenge educational financing policies. The Supreme Court noted that education is not a fundamental right and should therefore not be considered under the equal opportunity clauses and any other amendments that provide for human rights.